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RICS Valuation

Net Operating Income (NOI)

Gross rental income minus vacancy, bad debt and operating expenses — before debt service, tax and depreciation.

Detailed explanation

NOI is the cornerstone of income-approach valuation. It captures the sustainable cash flow a real estate asset generates before financing costs. NOI = Gross Rental Income − Vacancy & Collection Loss − Operating Expenses (property management, insurance, non-recoverable maintenance). NOI excludes depreciation (not a cash expense), interest (financing-specific), and income tax (investor-specific). Together with cap rate or discount rate, NOI underpins the direct capitalisation and DCF methods.

Moroccan example

A retail strip in Rabat generates 1.5 M MAD gross rents. Vacancy 8%, non-recoverable costs 12% of gross = 1.5 × 0.92 − 1.5 × 0.12 = NOI of ~1.2 M MAD.

Related terms

Capitalisation Rate (Cap Rate)Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)Estimated Rental Value (ERV)

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